Showing posts with label World Polio Day. Show all posts
Showing posts with label World Polio Day. Show all posts

Wednesday, October 29, 2014

Why are we celebrating World Polio Day on the wrong date?

The hindu
29 October 2014
new delhi

“Why do we continue to observe World Polio Day on the wrong date?” This simple question led Indian disability rights activist and polio survivor Dr. Satendra Singh to initiate a long struggle to set the date right.

“The United Nation’s website and Centre for Disease Control and Prevention’s website both tags that World Polio Day is observed globally on October 24 commemorating the birth of Dr. Jonas Salk, who was the leader of the team that invented a vaccine against polio,’’ explained Dr. Singh, who is an Assistant Professor of Physiology at University College of Medical Sciences and works at GTB Hospital, Delhi.

“The controversy is that the U.S. virologist was born on October 28, 1914, and not on October 24 as claimed by Rotary and others. We wonder why this erroneous belief has perpetuated since ages and why nobody challenged it?’’ he asked.

Stating that he has pointed the ‘error’ to the ‘World Polio Day’ website, Dr. Singh said: “They agreed it’s wrong.’’

“I then wrote a letter to the editor of the Vaccine journal, an internationally renowned medical journal. In fact, this very journal years back had carried an article on Jonas Salk clearly stating October 28 as his birth date. The journal also immediately accepted my letter on the mix-up of dates and published it,’’ added Dr. Singh.

He added that despite reminders and follow-ups there has been no major effort to rectify the situation. “For years, we have been perpetuating this error by misquoting a legend’s birth. If Rotary International has faltered here by choosing the wrong day, isn’t it our duty to correct the same? October 24 is not yet a United Nation’s observance, but even if it has become synonymous with Polio Day can’t we celebrate the whole week as a polio week to satisfy all parties,’’ noted Dr. Singh.

Dr. Singh added that he had brought the issue to the notice of World Health Organisation.



“This year, they have refrained from mentioning the date,’’ he noted.


Google doodles Salk's 100th birthday on 28th October 2014
https://www.google.com/doodles/jonas-salks-100th-birthday

Friday, October 24, 2014

पोलियोत्तर संलक्षण (पोस्ट पोलियो सिंड्रोम / Post-Polio Syndrome)

साल्क (1955) और सेबिन (1962) टीकों के इस्तेमाल की स्वीकृति मिलने के बाद से दुनिया के लगभग सभी देशों से पोलियोमाइलिटिस (शिशु अंगघात) का उन्मूलन हो चुका है।
विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन (वर्ल्ड हेल्थ आर्गनाइजेशन, डब्ल्यूटीओ) का अनुमान है कि दुनिया भर में 1.2 करोड़ लोग किसी न किसी हद तक विकलांगता पोलियो माइलिटिस जन्य विकलांगता से ग्रस्त हैं। नेशनल सेंटर फ़ार हेल्थ स्टेटिस्टिक्स का अनुमान है कि संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका में 10 लाख लोग पोलियो से ग्रस्त रहे हैं। उनमें से 4,33,000 लोगों ने पक्षाघात की शिकायत है जिसकी वजह से किसी न किसी तरह की विकलांगता के शिकार हुए हैं।
पोलियो की मार से बचे इन लोगों में से अधिकतर लोगों ने बरसों सक्रिय जीवन जीया है, पोलियो की उनकी यादें कब की भूल चुकी हैं और उनके स्वास्थ्य स्थिर हैं। 1970 के दशक के अंतिम बरसों के आते-आते पोलियो से बचे लोग थकान, दर्द, सांस लेने या निकलने में तकलीफ और अतिरिक्त थकान जैसी नयी समस्याएं महसूस करने लगे। चिकित्सा व्यवसायिकों ने इसे पोलियोत्तर संलक्षण (पोस्ट पोलियो सिंड्रोम, पीपीएस) नाम दिया। पोलियोत्तर संलक्षण से जुड़ी थकान महसूस करते हैं कुछ लोग जो फ्लू में महसूस होने वाली निढाल कर देने वाली थकान होती है और समय बीतने के साथ और बढ़ती जाती है। इस तरह की थकान शारीरिक गतिविधयों के दौरान और बढ़ जाती है और मानसिक एकाग्रता और याददाश्त की भी समस्या पैदा कर सकती है। कुछ लोग पेशीय थकान अनुभव करते हैं जो एक तरह की पेशीय दुर्बलता होती है और व्यायाम करने पर बढ़ती और आराम कर लेने पर कम हो जाती है।
हालिया अनुसंधान संकेत करते हैं कि व्यक्ति जितनी लंबी अवधि तक पोलियो के अवशिष्टों के साथ जीता है, वह अवधि उसकी कालक्रमिक आयु जितनी ही जोखिम कारक होती है। यह भी प्रतीत होता है कि जो लोग सबसे गंभीर किस्म के अंगघात का अनुभव करते हैं और जिनके क्रिया-कलापों में सबसे ज्यादा सुधार आया होता है वे अब उन लोगों के मुकाबले ज्यादा परेशानी अनुभव करते हैं मूलत: जिनके अंगघात कम गंभीर रहे होते हैं।
पोलियोत्तर लक्षणों पर मौजूदा आम राय तंत्रिका कोशिकाओं और उनसे जुड़े पेशीय तंतुओं पर ध्यान केंद्रित करती है। जब पोलियो के विषाणु मोटर न्यूरान्स को क्षत्रिग्रस्त कर देते हैं या नष्ट कर देते हैं पेशीय तंतु अनाथ हो जाते हैं और उन्हें लकवा मार जाता है। पोलियो के हमले से बच जाने पर ऐसे लोग फिर से इसलिए चलने-फिरने लगते हैं कि तंत्रिका कोशिकाएं किसी हद ठीक हो जाती हैं। उसके बाद हालत में जो सुधार आते हैं आस-पास की अप्रभावित तंत्रिका कोशिकाओं की ‘पल्लवित’ होने और अनाथ कोशिकाओं के साथ फिर से जुड़ने की क्षमता का नतीजा होते हैं।
इस पुनर्गिठत तंत्रिका पेशीय प्रणाली के साथ बरसों से जीवित उत्तरजीवी अब दुष्परिणाम अनुभव कर रहे हैं—थकी हुई तंत्रिका कोशिकाएं और थकी हुई पेशियां और जोड़ ऊपर से बढ़ती उम्र के प्रभाव। हालांकि इनके विषाणु जन्य कारणों की खोज जारी है लेकिन इस अवधारणा की पुष्टि करने वाले निर्णायक प्रमाण उपलब्ध नहीं हैं कि पोलियोत्तर संलक्षण पोलियो विषाणु के पुनर्संक्रमण का नतीजा हैं।
पोलियो के उत्तरजीवी नियमित समयांतराल पर चिकित्सकीय मदद लेकर, खान-पान में सावधानी बरत कर, ज्यादा वजन वृद्धि टाल कर और धूम्रपान और अत्यधिक शराब के सेवन से परहेज करके अपनी सेहत की देख-भाल करते हैं।
उत्तरजीवियों को अपने शरीर की आवाज सुननी चाहिए। ऐसी गतिविधियों से बचना चाहिए जिनसे दर्द होता है-यह खतरे का संकेत है। बेरोक-टोक दर्द निवारक दवाइयों, विशेष कर स्वापकों के सेवन से बचें। पेशियों का जरूरत से ज्यादा उपयोग न करें लेकिन नियमित रूप से ऐसे काम-काज करते रहें जिनसे रोग के लक्षण और खराब न हों, विशेषत: व्यायाम न करें या दर्द होने पर व्यायाम जारी न रखें। ऐसे कामों से परहेज करें जिनसे दस मिनट से ज्यादा समय तक बनी रहने वाली थकान आती हो। अनावश्यक कामों से परहेज करके ऊर्जा बचायें।
पोलियोत्तर संलक्षण जानलेवा नहीं होते लेकिन ये गौण किस्म की तकलीफ और विकलांगता पैदा कर सकते हैं। बहुतायत से होने वाली पोलियोत्तर संलक्षण जन्य अक्षमता है चलने-फिरने की क्षमता का ह्रास। पोलियोत्तर संलक्षण से पीड़ित व्यक्तियों को खाना पकाने, धुलाई करने, खरीददारी और ड्राइविंग करने-जैसी दैन्य-दिन गतिविधियों के निष्पादन में भी कठिनाई हो सकती है। छड़ी, बैसाखी, वाकर, ह्वील चेयर या बिजली से चलने वाले स्कूटर कुछ लोगों के लिए अनिवार्य हो सकते हैं। तकलीफ ज्यादा होने पर इन व्यक्तियों को अपना पेशा बदलना पड़ सकता है या सिरे से काम करना बंद करना पड़ सकता है।
बहुत से लोगों को अपनी नयी विकलांगता के साथ तालमेल बनाने में कठिनाई होती है। पोलियोत्तर संलक्षण से पीड़ित कुछ लोगों के लिए फिर से बचपन की पोलियो की अनुभूति के साथ जीना आघातकारी, यहां तक कि संत्रासक हो सकता है। सौभाग्य से चिकित्सकीय समुदाय का ध्यान बड़ी तेजी से पीपीएस की ओर आकर्षित हो रहा है और ऐसे स्वास्थ्य रक्षा व्यवसायिकों की तादाद बढ़ रही है जो पीपीएस को बेहतर ढंग से समझते हैं और उचित चिकित्सकीय और मनोवैज्ञानिक सहायता कर सकते हैं; इसके अलावा पीपीएस सहायक समूह, परचे और शैक्षणिक तंत्र भी हैं जो पीपीएस के बारे में अद्यतन जानकारियां देने के साथ-साथ लोगों को इस बात की भी जानकारी देते हैं कि अपने संघर्ष में वे अकेले नहीं हैं।
स्रोत: पोस्ट पोलियो हेल्थ इंटरनेशनल, मांट्रियल न्यूरोलॉजिकल हॉस्पिटल पोस्ट-पोलियो क्लिनिक।

Wednesday, October 23, 2013

Polio survivor's fight to correct date of Salk's b'day


The WHO site this year still states 24th Oct as World Polio Day.  'Vaccine,' the official journal of the Edward Jenner Society, The International Society for Vaccines & the Japanese Society for Vaccinology, published my letter to the editor [Singh S. It's time to correct the literature. Vaccine. 2013 Jan 11;31(4):591.  doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.059. Epub 2012 Dec 4. PubMed PMID: 23219693.] contradicting the same. Still, we are continuing with a wrong trend and not giving right credit to the right man. Please find above, my story in today's Statesman (Delhi Edition).


Also read:

Enablist Impact: From blog to a prestigious journal

Tuesday, December 18, 2012

Enablist Impact: From blog to a prestigious journal


On the eve of ‘World Polio Day’, I wrote a post on this blog World Polio Day - 24th or 28th October? It was an attempt to challenge the erroneous belief that Polio day is celebrated to mark the inventor Jonas Salk’s birthday, which is not true. The websites, media reports and even the WHO and UN sites claimed the same on 24th October which is celebrated as Polio day. I had already done my Sherlock Holmes investigation in the said post.


I then decided to write ‘letter to the editor’ to the ‘Vaccine’ journal. 17 years earlier the journal carried an article on Jonas Salk clearly stating 28 October as his birth date. ‘Vaccine’ is the official journal of: The Edward Jenner Society, The International Society for Vaccines and The Japanese Society for Vaccinology. The prestigious journal has a 5-Year Impact Factor of 3.7. The journal immediately accepted my letter titled ‘It’s time to correct the literature’ and it has been published online now here.

Why then, for years, we are perpetuating the wrong thing by misquoting a legend’s birth, time and again. If Rotary International has faltered here by choosing the wrong day, isn’t it our duty to correct the same? 24th October is not yet an United Nation observance, but even if it has become synonym with polio day can’t we celebrate the whole week as a Polio week to satisfy all parties?


Also read:
Polio survivor's fight to correct date of Salk's b'day

Sunday, October 28, 2012

Birthday Wishes to Polio Pioneer

28th October, New Delhi. 
Today is Jonas Salk's birthday-the polio pioneer. Rotary International may have celebrating his birthday wrongly on 24th October as World Polio Day but the fact remains that he was born on this day. To pay tribute to this legend I am covering a 10-photo-cum-quotes of Dr Salk. 

Please also see "Polio comic as part of graphic medicine". The source is Feb 2009 Rotarian Magazine and the artist is Steve Buccellato. This comic has been linked at 'Infinite Ability.'












Wednesday, October 24, 2012

We are almost there, however…[Post Polio Syndrome]


India has been taken off the polio endemic list by the World Health Organization this February. That leaves only Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria as polio endemic countries. We are almost there as far as polio eradication is concerned. However, there are around 12-20 million polio survivors living in the world today. And a bitter and largely unknown fact is that decades after recovery from polio, 60% have the risk of developing new muscle weakness and other symptoms that can lead to increased debility. These new symptoms are referred to as Post Polio Syndrome or PPS in our medical jargon. PPS affects not only “paralytic” polio survivors, but also unknown numbers of patients who had subclinical polio. The pathophysiology behind PPS is not fully understood and the latest research suggests that our reliance on pharmacological agents is of no value in PPS. 

I quote verbatim from an article (Update on current and emerging treatment options for post-polio syndrome): 

“Post-polio syndrome (PPS) refers to the clinical deterioration experienced by many polio survivors several decades after their acute illness. The symptoms are new muscle weakness, decreased muscle endurance, fatigue, muscle pain, joint pain, cold intolerance, and this typical clinical entity is reported from different parts of the world.

The pathophysiology behind PPS is not fully understood, but a combination of distal degeneration of enlarged motor units caused by increased metabolic demands and the normal aging process, in addition to inflammatory mechanisms, are thought to be involved. There is no diagnostic test for PPS, and the diagnosis is based on a proper clinical workup where all other possible explanations for the new symptoms are ruled out.
The basic principle of management of PPS lies in physical activity, individually tailored training programs, and lifestyle modification. Muscle weakness and muscle pain may be helped with specific training programs, in which training in warm water seems to be particularly helpful. Properly fitted orthoses can improve the biomechanical movement pattern and be energy-saving. Fatigue can be relieved with lifestyle changes, assistive devices, and training programs. Respiratory insufficiency can be controlled with noninvasive respiratory aids including biphasic positive pressure ventilators. 

Pharmacologic agents like prednisone, amantadine, pyridostigmine, and coenzyme Q10 are of no benefit in PPS. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been tried in three studies, all having positive results. IVIG could probably be a therapeutic alternative, but the potential benefit is modest, and some important questions are still unanswered, in particular to which patients this treatment is useful, the dose, and the therapeutic interval [1].” 

The United States National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) lists the following Criteria for diagnosis of PPS [2] 

• Prior paralytic poliomyelitis with evidence of motor neuron loss (which can be confirmed through a typical patient history, a neurological examination and, if needed, an EMG examination).
• A period of partial or complete functional recovery after acute paralytic polio, followed by an interval (usually ≥ 15 years) of stable neuromuscular function.
• Gradual onset of progressive and persistent new muscle weakness or abnormal muscle fatigability, with or without generalized fatigue, muscle atrophy, or muscle and joint pain.
• Symptoms that persist for at least a year.
• Exclusion of other neuromuscular, medical, and orthopaedic problems as causes of symptoms.

One of the most common questions polio survivors ask is, “How should I exercise?” This has been much debated [3]. General guidelines for patients are: 

• Maintain an active exercise program to avoid deconditioning and cardiovascular sequelae
• Avoid overly aggressive exercise (fatiguing)
• Resist the impulse to exercise through pain. 

Muscle fibers of polio survivors have very limited endurance because of the loss of aerobic enzyme activity and greater reliance on anaerobic metabolic capacity [4]. Cross-training programs, such as alternating cycling with swimming and walking, is a good way to involve different muscle groups, but such programs should be consistent in terms of repetitions, resistance, and time. Swimming is beneficial but it is also a form of strenuous exercise. If moving out of a wheelchair/assistive device to the pool involve tiring efforts than swimming should be avoided. Conservation and judicious use of the energy is the key in PPS. For most people, using daily activities as a primary way to exercise is too erratic and may lead to overuse, fatigue, and further weakness. We must evaluate our daily routine as so many times because of work pressure we ignore our body. 

Thirty one years ago, in October 1981, some 250 health care providers and polio survivors held an international symposium in Chicago to consider this question: What ever happened to the polio patient? [5]. In a summary of the proceedings of that conference the editors note “Those survivors - the former generation that pioneered the advances – seem to be ‘prematurely ageing,’ and no one really understands why.” Thirty one years later we know the name of this new collection of symptoms but the pathophysiology and management is largely skeptical. PPS is difficult to diagnose since the symptoms of presentation are usually non-specific. 


The awareness on PPS is still very poor, at least in India. Globally also, literature is incorrect when it comes to World Polio Day. I disclosed it in my previous blog post how erroneously Jonas Salk’s birthday is correlated on 24th October. Today is again 24th October and we in India celebrate Dussehra. Let’s burn the effigy of ignorance on this auspicious occasion and spread awareness on PPS. Today is also a day when devotees worship Goddess Shakti who represents strength, ability and courage. On this day, the Devas joined their energies into Shakti, a single mass of incandescent energy to kill the devil Mahishasura. Let’s explore our infinite abilities, and work collectively in killing the demon of ignorance, that is, PPS. 


We (polio survivors) aren't dead yet. Are we? 
Polio survivor's fight to correct date of Salk's b'day

References: 


1. Farbu E. Update on current and emerging treatment options for post-polio syndrome. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2010 Jul 21;6:307-13.
2. Post-Polio Syndrome: Identifying Best Practices in Diagnosis & Care. March of Dimes, 2001
3. Silver JK, Aiello DD. What internists need to know about postpolio syndrome. Cleve Clin J Med. 2002 Sep;69(9):704-6, 709-12.
4. Silver JK, Aiello DD. Bone density and fracture risk in male polio survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 82:1329.
5. http://www.post-polio.org/edu/pphnews/PPH27-4fall11p3.pdf retrieved on 24 Oct 2012

Monday, October 22, 2012

World Polio Day - 24th or 28th October?



The article in the prestigious JAMA (the Journal of American Medical Association) begins as, “…As World Polio Day is remembered on October 24…” [1]. The official site of World Health Organization’s Western Pacific region also mentions [2]:

World Polio Day originally brought people together to remember the birth of a man who led the first team to develop a vaccine against polio, Dr. Jonas Salk. It was the development of this vaccine, and its successor oral polio vaccine, that enabled the world to embark on an ambitious journey – the eradication of polio. Every year on 24 October, people around the world shine a spotlight on the importance of global eradication.”

My own interview (I am a polio survivor) was published as World Polio Day special on Times Internet Limited's venture on 24 Oct 2011[3]. So far so good. 

Let’s move on to the title of an article published in the journal ‘Vaccine’ [4]. It states- Salk. Born 28 October 1914, New York, NY; died 23 June 1995, La Jolla, CA. Yes, it’s the complete title and a Google search will tell you that Salk was indeed born on 28th October. The Wikipedia page on Jonas Salk also mentions the same date. In fact, Jonas Salk's eldest son, Peter mentions some factual errors in the ‘talk page’ of this wiki page but he did not contradict the birth date so I assume it’s correct [5].

World Polio Day is not mentioned in the list of United Nation’s Observances [6]. However there is a complete website on this day http://www.worldpolioday.com/.  On contacting the site, I got immediate response which reads:

"Dear Dr. Singh,You are so right. 24th of October has been chosen by a.o. the Rotary Foundation to commemorate the month in which Jonas Salk was born. We will correct this immediately."

The closest balancing act in this mess is done by an Australian agency which carefully states, “…Wear Orange for World Polio Day each year which falls on or near the birthdate of Jonas Salk (28 October)”[7]. This is the closest accurate version which I could find on literature. For years, Rotary International and Gates foundation are celebrating this day on 24th. The honest error may be giving out wrong impression but nobody could ever forget Salk’s response when he was asked who holds the patent of this vaccine. He famously said- “Nobody. Could you patent the Sun?”

The Enablist’s view: We have two excellent vaccines, IPV and OPV, but the unsavoury arguments about their merits and defects had led to delays in controlling the disease in endemic countries and in its ultimate eradication. Whether 24th or 28th, I feel neither Dr Salk’s family nor anybody else would mind if we achieve the broader goal of Polio eradication. Let’s hope people of Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan join the global community in fight against eradication.


References:

1.    Mitka M. Polio eradication goal still elusive. JAMA. 2004 Oct 20;292(15):1805-6.
2.    http://www.wpro.who.int/immunization/news/world_polio_day_oct2011/en/index.html.
Retrieved 22 October 2012.
4.     Spier RE. Jonas Salk. Born 28 October 1914, New York, NY; died 23 June 1995, La Jolla, CA. Vaccine. 1995 Nov;13(16):1487.
5.    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Jonas_Salk. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
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